![]() ![]() ![]() Conversely, an upper limit of 15% and no lower limit were set for 1,8-cineole, although the rationale for this may not have been entirely sound. ![]() Consequently, to optimize antimicrobial activity, a lower limit of 30% and no upper limit were set for terpinen-4-ol content. With biological activity, the antimicrobial activity of TTO is attributed mainly to terpinen-4-ol, a major component of the oil. For example, with provenance, the inclusion of the minor components sabinene, globulol, and viridiflorol is potentially helpful, since it may render the formulation of artificial oil from individual components difficult or economically untenable. ![]() The components specified by the international standard were selected for a variety of reasons, including provenance verification and biological activity. alternifolia clone possesses enhanced microbicidal activity has been made ( 106), but the evidence is not compelling. The suggestion that oil from a particular M. Despite the inherent variability of commercial TTO, no obvious differences in its bioactivity either in vitro or in vivo have been noted so far. The terpinen-4-ol chemotype typically contains levels of terpinen-4-ol of between 30 to 40% ( 83) and is the chemotype used in commercial TTO production. These include a terpinen-4-ol chemotype, a terpinolene chemotype, and four 1,8-cineole chemotypes ( 83). alternifolia have been described, each producing oil with a distinct chemical composition. Instead, it sets out physical and chemical criteria for the desired chemotype. Notably, the standard does not stipulate the species of Melaleuca from which the TTO must be sourced. Given the scope for batch-to-batch variation, it is fortunate that the composition of oil sold as TTO is regulated by an international standard for “Oil of Melaleuca-terpinen-4-ol type,” which sets maxima and/or minima for 14 components of the oil ( 89) (Table (Table1). B K ow, octanol-water partition coefficient, from reference 62. ![]()
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